Volume 17 Issue 3
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Kenneth Mensah, Hassan Shokry, Marwa Elkady, Hamada B. Hawash, Mahmoud Samy. 2024: Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dyes using a novel waste toner-based TiO2/Fe2O3@nanographite nanohybrid: A sustainable approach. Water Science and Engineering, 17(3): 226-235. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2024.01.005
Citation: Kenneth Mensah, Hassan Shokry, Marwa Elkady, Hamada B. Hawash, Mahmoud Samy. 2024: Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dyes using a novel waste toner-based TiO2/Fe2O3@nanographite nanohybrid: A sustainable approach. Water Science and Engineering, 17(3): 226-235. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2024.01.005
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Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dyes using a novel waste toner-based TiO2/Fe2O3@nanographite nanohybrid: A sustainable approach

doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2024.01.005

  • a. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA;

  • b. Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;

  • c. Chemical and Petrochemical Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;

  • d. Environmental Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Cairo 11516, Egypt;

  • e. Public Works Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt

  • Received Date: 2023-08-20
  • Accepted Date: 2024-01-10
    • Available Online: 2024-08-24
    Abstract
  • This study synthesized a ferric oxide–nanographite (NG) nanocomposite (Fe2O3@NG) from waste toner powder through carbonization. Subsequently, a TiO2/Fe2O3@NG nanohybrid was fabricated using the sol–gel technique to improve the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. TiO2/Fe2O3@NG nanocomposites were prepared at TiO2:Fe2O3@NG ratios of 2:1 (Ti:T-21), 1:1 (Ti:T-11), and 1:2 (Ti:T-12). The porosity, morphology, surface chemistry, and chemical interactions between TiO2, Fe2O3, and graphite in the prepared TiO2/Fe2O3@NG nanocomposites were characterized using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method and microscopic and spectroscopic analyses. The TiO2/Fe2O3@NG nanohybrid exhibited a reduced bandgap (2.4–2.9 eV) and enhanced charge carrier separation through charge transfer at the junction of the hetero-structured TiO2/Fe2O3@NG nanohybrid. Preliminary experiments revealed that Ti:T-21 was the most effective photocatalyst for degrading acid blue-25 (AB-25) compared to Ti:T-11, Ti:T-12, sole TiO2, and Fe2O3@NG. This study also investigated the impacts of catalyst dose and initial dye concentration on the AB-25 photocatalytic degradation. Notably, 97% of 5-mg/L AB-25 was removed using 1.25-g/L Ti:T-21 at an unmodified pH of 6.4 within 120 min. Furthermore, Ti:T-21 exhibited remarkable recyclability in its immobilized form, achieving degradation ratios of 74.7%–71.8% over five consecutive runs, compared to removal efficiencies of 85.0%–62.3% in the suspended mode. Trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals, holes, and superoxide as the principal reactive radicals. The TiO2/Fe2O3@NG/light system was effective in disintegrating and mineralizing other synthetic dyes such as Congo red, methylene blue, and methyl red, indicating its potential for industrial-scale degradation of authentic dye wastewater. The utilization of waste toner for water treatment is highlighted as a strategy to promote environmental sustainability, foster a circular economy, and contribute to pollution remediation.

     

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