Volume 10 Issue 2
Apr.  2017
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Water Science and Engineering  > 2017  >  10(2): 115-124
Riffat Shaheed, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Ahmed El-Shafie. 2017: Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system. Water Science and Engineering, 10(2): 115-124. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2017.05.002
Citation: Riffat Shaheed, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Ahmed El-Shafie. 2017: Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system. Water Science and Engineering, 10(2): 115-124. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2017.05.002
shu

Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system

doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2017.05.002

  • Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia

Funds:  This work was supported by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Grant (Grant No. GUP-2014-077).
More Information
  • Corresponding author: Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar
  • Received Date: 2016-07-22
  • Rev Recd Date: 2017-03-05
    Abstract
  • Drinking water is supplied through a centralized water supply system and may not be accessed by communities in rural areas of Malaysia. This study investigated the performance of a low-cost, self-prepared integrated activated carbon and sand filtration (CACSF) system for roof-harvested rainwater and lake water for potable use. Activated carbon was self-prepared using locally sourced coconut shell and was activated using commonly available salt rather than a high-tech procedure that requires a chemical reagent. The filtration chamber was comprised of local, readily available sand. The experiments were conducted with varying antecedent dry intervals (ADIs) of up to 15 days and lake water with varying initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. The CACSF system managed to produce effluents complying with the drinking water standards for the parameters pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), COD, total suspended solids (TSS), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The CACSF system successfully decreased the population of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in the influents to less than 30 CFU/mL. Samples with a higher population of E. coli (that is, greater than 30 CFU/mL) did not show 100% removal. The system also showed high potential as an alternative for treated drinking water for roof-harvested rainwater and class II lake water.

     

    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(47)
  • Abudi, Z.N., 2011. The effect of sand filter characteristics on removal efficiency of organic matter from grey water. Al-Qadisiya J. Eng. Sci. 4(2), 143-155.
    Ahmed, W., Huygens, F., Goonetilleke, A., Gardner, T., 2008. Real-time PCR detection of pathogenic microorganisms in roof-harvested rainwater in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74(17), 5490–5496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00331-08.
    Ahmed, W., Gardner, T., Toze, S., 2011. Microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater and health risks: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 40(1), 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0345.
    Amy, G., Carlson, K., Collins, M.R., Drewes, J., Gruenheid, S., Jekel, M., 2006. Integrated comparison of biofiltration in engineered versus natural systems. In: Gimbel, R., Graham, N., Collins, M.R., eds., Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes, 1, London, UK. pp. 3-11.
    Appan, A., 1997. Roof water collection systems in some Southeast Asian countries: Status and water quality levels. J. R. Soc. Health 117(5), 319-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700510.
    Ayers, G.P., Peng, L.C., Gillett, R.W., Fook, L.S., 2002. Rainwater composition and acidity at five sites in Malaysia, in 1996. Water Air Soil Pollut. 133(1), 15-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012967614759.
    Baumgartner, J. 2006. The Effect of User Behavior on the Performance of Two Household Water Filtration Systems. M. S. Dissertation. University of Harvard, Boston.
    Buzunis, B.J., 1995. Intermittently Operated Slow Sand Filtration: A New Water Treatment Process. M. S. Dissertation. University of Calgary, Calgary.
    Centre for Affordable Water and Sanitation Technology (CAWST). 2009. Biosand Filter Manual, Design, Construction, Installation, Operation and Maintenance. CAWST, Calgary.
    Chan, N.W., 2012. Managing urban rivers and water quality in Malaysia for sustainable water resources. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 28(2), 343-354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.668643.
    Che-Ani, A.I., Shaari, N., Sairi, A., Zain, M.F.M., Tahir, M.M., 2009. Rainwater harvesting as an alternative water supply in the future. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 34(1), 132-140.
    Coombes, P.J., Kuczera, G., Kalma, J.D., Dunstan, H., 2000. Rainwater quality from roofs, tanks and hot water systems at figtree place. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Hydrology and Water Resources Symposium, Perth.
    Davis, A.P., Shokouhian, M., Ni, S., 2001. Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in urban runoff from specific sources. Chemosphere. 44(5), 997-1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00561-0.
    De, A.K., 2003. Environmental Chemistry, fifth ed. New Age International Publisher, New Delhi.
    Department of Environment of Malaysia (DOE). 2010. Environmental Requirements: A Guide for Investors, eleventh ed. Department of Environment, Putrajaya.
    Despins, C., Farahbakhsh, K., Leidl, C., 2009. Assessment of rainwater quality from rainwater harvesting systems in Ontario, Canada. J. Water Supply Res. Technol AQUA 58(2), 117-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2009.013.
    Dillaha III, T.A., Zolan, W.J., 1985. Rainwater catchment water quality in Micronesia. Water Res. 19(6), 741-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(85)90121-6.
    Environment Canada (EC). 1979. Analytical Methods Manual. Inland water Directorate, Water Quality Branch, Ottawa.
    Famer, R.W., Dussert, B.W., Kovacic, S.L., 1996. Improved granular activated carbon for the stabilization of wastewater pH. Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. 41(1), pp. 456–460.
    Gimba, C.E., Turoti, M., 2006. Adsorption efficiency of coconut shell-based activated carbons on colour of molasses, oils, dissolved oxygen and related parameters from industrial effluent. Sci. World J. 1(1), 21-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/swj.v1i1.51692.
    Gleick, P.H., Palaniappan, M., 2010. Peak water limits to freshwater withdrawal and use. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. 107(25), 11155-11162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1004812107.
    Gould, J., 1999. Is rainwater safe to drink? A review of recent findings. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Rainwater Cistern Systems, Brazil, p. 9.
    Grey, D., Sadoff, C.W., 2007. Sink or swim? Water security for growth and development. Water Policy, 9(6), 545-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.021.
    Handia, L., Tembo, J.M., Mwiindwa, C., 2003. Potential of rainwater harvesting in urban Zambia. Phys. Chem. Earth 28 (20-27), 893-896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.016.
    Karnib, M., Holail, H., Olama, Z., Kabbani, A., Hines, M., 2013. The antibacterial activity of activated carbon, silver, silver impregnated activated carbon and silica sand nanoparticles against pathogenic E. coli BL21. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 2(4), 20-30.
    Kennedy, T.J., Hernandez, E.A., Morse, A.N., Anderson, T.A., 2012. Hydraulic loading rate effect on removal rates in a BioSand filter: A pilot study of three conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 223(7), 4527-4537. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s11270-012-1215-4.
    Logsdon, G.S., Kohne, R., Abel, S., LaBonde, S., 2002. Slow sand filtration for small water systems. J. Environ. Eng. Sci. 1(5), 339-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/s02-025.
    Manz, D.H., Buzunis, B.J., Morales, C. 1993. Household water supply and testing project. Final Report on Assessment of Bio-sand Filter in Nicaragua. University of Calgary, Calgary.
    Martinson, D.B., Thomas, T.H., 2005. Quantifying the first flush phenomenon: Effects of first-flush on water yield and quality. In: Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Rain Water Catchment Systems, New Delhi.
    Meera, V., Ahammed, M.M., 2006. Water quality of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems: A review. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. 55(4), 257-268.
    Ministry of Health of Malaysia (MOH). 2000. National Drinking Water Quality Standards by Engineering Services Division. MOH, Putrajaya.
    Mohan, D., Singh, K.P., Singh, V.K., 2008. Wastewater treatment using low cost activated carbons derived from agricultural byproducts: A case study. J. Hazard. Mater. 152(3), 1045-1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.07.079.
    Palmateer, G., Manz, D., Jurkovic, A., Mclnnis, R., Unger, S., Kwan, K.K., Dutka, B.J., 1999. Toxicant and parasite challenge of Manz intermittent slow sand filter. Environ. Toxicol. 14(2), 217-225. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7278(199905)14:23.0.CO;2-L .
    Seong, Y.C., Sapari, N., 2003. Rainwater quality in Peninsular Malaysia. In: 11th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference,   Mexico City.
    Shaheed, R., Wan Mohtar, W.H.M., 2014. Potential of using rainwater for potable purpose in Malaysia with varying antecedent dry intervals. J. Teknol. 72(1), 57-61.
    Shaheed, R., Azhari, C.H., Ahsan, A., Wan Mohtar, W.H.M., 2015. Production and characterisation of low-tech activated carbon from coconut shell. J. Hydrol. Environ. Res. 3(1), 6-14.
    Sukereman, A.S., Suratman, R., Hussin, K., 2013. The issues towards sustainability of water resource management and the current governance practice in managing water crisis in Malaysia. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Social Science Research, ICSSR 2013, Penang, pp. 301-319.
    The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Malaysia (MNREM). 2012. National Water Resources Policy. http://www.nre.gov.my/ms-my/PustakaMedia/Penerbitan/Dasar%20Sumber%20Air%20Negara.pdf
    [Retrieved July 18, 2014].
    Thomas, P.R., Greene, G.R., 1993. Rainwater quality from different roof catchments. Water Sci. Technol. 28(3-5), 291–299.
    Vialle, C., Sablayrolles, C., Lovera, M., Jacob, S., Huau, M.C., Montrejaud-Vignoles, M., 2011. Monitoring of water quality from roof runoff: Interpretation using multivariate analysis. Water Res. 45(12), 3765-3775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2011.04.029.
    Williams, P.G., Eng, B., 1987. A study of bacteria reduction by slow sand filtration. IWPC biennial conference, Port Elizabeth. National Institute for water Research, Pretoria.
    World Bank. 2014. Water: Overview. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/overview
    [Retrieved July 18, 2014].
    World Health Organization (WHO). 1993. Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. World Health Organization, Geneva.
    World Water Development Report (WWDR). 2003. Water for People, Water for Life. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and Berghahn Books, Barcelona.
    Yaziz, M.I., Gunting, H., Sapari, N., Ghazali, A.W., 1989. Variations in rainwater quality from roof catchments. Water Res. 23(6), 761–765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(89)90211-X.
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索
    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (1027) PDF downloads(1554) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    Copyright © 2009 Editorial office of Water Science and Engineering 苏ICP备12023610号-1

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd   support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return