Volume 19 Issue 1
Mar.  2026
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
Article Navigation >  Water Science and Engineering  > 2026  >  19(1): 97-109
Krishna Kumar, Raman Sharma, S. K. Goyal. 2026: Performance of different biocarriers in MBBR and SBBR systems for wastewater treatment: A review. Water Science and Engineering, 19(1): 97-109. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.001
Citation: Krishna Kumar, Raman Sharma, S. K. Goyal. 2026: Performance of different biocarriers in MBBR and SBBR systems for wastewater treatment: A review. Water Science and Engineering, 19(1): 97-109. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.001
shu

Performance of different biocarriers in MBBR and SBBR systems for wastewater treatment: A review

doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.001

  • a. CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Delhi Zonal Centre, Naraina Industrial Area Phase-I, Delhi 110028, India;

  • b. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India

  • Received Date: 2025-05-28
  • Accepted Date: 2025-12-16
    • Available Online: 2026-03-28
    Abstract
  • Biocarriers play a critical role in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) wastewater treatment systems by providing surfaces for biofilm development. Although a wide variety of carrier materials and geometries are used, the literature remains fragmented, with most studies focusing on individual carriers and lacking a systematic understanding of how carrier characteristics govern treatment performance across different operational conditions. Additionally, review articles comparing biocarrier efficacy in synthetic wastewater systems are limited. This review article synthesizes the performance of various biocarriers in synthetic wastewater treatment and evaluates their efficiency in reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, and total nitrogen (TN). Reported removal efficiencies range from 68% to 96% for COD, up to 99% for ammonia, and 40.0%-97.5% for TN, depending on carrier design and reactor configuration. Carrier-specific surface areas typically range from 250 m2/m3 to 2 800 m2/m3. Analysis reveals that performance is significantly influenced by carrier features such as shape, material, surface roughness, porosity, and specific surface area. Notably, carriers with higher porosity and rough surfaces generally promote superior biofilm formation and pollutant removal, although optimization of surface area may compromise mechanical strength and long-term durability. Operational parameters, such as loading rate, filling ratio, and temperature, also interact with carrier design to determine overall treatment efficiency. While existing studies offer valuable insights, comparative research that links design parameters to treatment performance across varying conditions remains scarce. Future studies should prioritize quantifying relationships between carrier geometry, material properties, and biological activity, as well as developing standardized testing protocols to enable more reliable cross-study comparisons.

     

    • FullText(HTML)
  • loading
    • References(110)
  • [1]
    Abromaitis, V., Racys, V., Van der Marel, P., Ni, G., Dopson, M., Wolthuizen A.L., Meulepas, R.J.W., 2017. Effect of shear stress and carbon surface roughness on bioregeneration and performance of suspended versus attached biomass in metoprolol-loaded biological activated carbon systems. Chem. Eng. J. 317, 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.097.
    [2]
    Abzazou, T., Araujo, R.M., Auset, M., Salvada, H., 2016. Tracking and quantification of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm and mixed liquor of a partial nitrification MBBR pilot plant using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Sci. Total Environ. 541, 1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.007.
    [3]
    Ahmad, R., Amirtharajah, A., Al-Shawwa, A., Huck, P.M., 1998. Effects of backwashing on biological filters. J. AWWA 90(12), 62-73. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08552.x.
    [4]
    Al-Amshawee, S., Yunus, M.Y., Azoddein, A.A., 2020. A novel microbial biofilm carrier for wastewater remediation. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 736, 072006. https://10.1088/1757-899X/736/7/072006.
    [5]
    Al-Amshawee, S., Yunus, M.Y.B.M., 2021. Geometry of biofilm carriers: A systematic review deciding the best shape and pore size. Groundwater for Sustainable Development 12, 100520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100520.
    [6]
    Al-Amshawee, S., Yunus, M.Y.B.M., Yusri, M., Alalwan, H.A., Lee, W.L., Dai, F., 2022. Experimental investigation of biofilm carriers of varying shapes, sizes, and materials for wastewater treatment in fixed bed biofilm reactor: A qualitative study of biocarrier performance. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 97(9), 2592-2606. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7131.
    [7]
    Alalwan, H.A., Ali, N.S.M., Mohammed, M.M., Mohammed, M.F., Alminshid, A.H., 2023. A comparison study of methyl green removal by peroxi-coagulation and peroxi-electrocoagulation processes. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 13, 100623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100623.
    [8]
    Alvarado-Lassman, A., Rustrian, E., Garcia-Alvarado, M.A., Rodriguez-Jimenez, G.C., Houbron, E., 2008. Brewery wastewater treatment using anaerobic inverse fluidized bed reactors. Bioresour Technol 99(8), 3009-3015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.022.
    [9]
    Ammar, Y., Swailes, D., Bridgens, B., Chen, J., 2015. Influence of surface roughness on the initial formation of biofilm. Surface and Coatings Technology 284, 410-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.07.062.
    [10]
    Atiwesh, G., Mikhael, A., Parrish, C.C., Banoub, J., Le, T.T., 2021. Environmental impact of bioplastic use: A review. Heliyon 7(9), 07918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07918.
    [11]
    Aygun, A., Nas, B., Berktay, A., 2008. Influence of high organic loading rates on COD removal and sludge production in moving bed biofilm reactor. Environmental Engineering Science 25(9), 1311-1316. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2007.0071.
    [12]
    Bakar, S.N.H.A., Hasan, H.A., Mohammad, A.W., Abdullah, S.R.S., Haan, T.Y., Ngteni, R., Yusof, K.M.M., 2018. A review of moving-bed biofilm reactor technology for palm oil mill effluent treatment. J. Clean. Prod. 171(10), 1532-1545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.100.
    [13]
    Banti, D.C., Samaras, P., Chioti, A.G., Mitsopoulos, A., Tsangas, M., Zorpas, A., Sfetsas, T., 2023. Improvement of MBBR performance by the addition of 3D-printed biocarriers fabricated with 13X and bentonite. Resources 12(7), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12070081.
    [14]
    Barman, S.R., Gavit, P., Chowdhury, S., Chatterjee, K., Nain, A., 2023. 3D-printed materials for wastewater treatment. JACS Au 3(11), 2930-2947. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.3c00409.
    [15]
    Barwal, A., Chaudhary, R., 2017. Optimization of operational parameters in moving bed biofilm reactor with low-cost polystyrene biocarrier by the response surface method. Water Quality Research Journal 52(1), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2017.026.
    [16]
    Bouwer, E.J., Crowe, P.B., 1988. Biological processes in drinking water treatment. J. AWWA 80(9), 82-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03103.x.
    [17]
    Carlson, K.H., Amy, G.L., 1998. BOM removal during biofiltration. J. AWWA 90(12), 42-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1998.tb08550.x.
    [18]
    Chaudhary, D.S., Vigneswaran, S., Ngo, H.H., Shim, W.G., 2003. Biofilter in water and wastewater treatment. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 20, 1054-1065. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02706936.
    [19]
    Chiou, R.J., Yang, Y.R., 2008. An evaluation of the phosphorus storage capacity of an anaerobic/aerobic sequential batch biofilm reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 99(10), 4408-4413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.038.
    [20]
    Chu, L., Wang, J., Quan, F., Xing, X.H., Tang, L., Zhang, C., 2014. Modification of polyurethane foam carriers and application in a moving bed biofilm reactor. Process Biochem. 49(11), 1979-1982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.07.018.
    [21]
    Daverey, A., Chen, Y.C., Dutta, K., Huang, Y.T., Lin, J.G., 2015. Start-up of simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) process in sequencing batch biofilm reactor using novel biomass carriers. Bioresource Technology 190, 480-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.06.
    [22]
    Deena, S.R., Kumar, G., Vickram, A.S., Singhania, R.R., Dong, C.D., Rohini, K., Anbarasu, K., Thanigaivel, S., Ponnusamy, V.K., 2022. Efficiency of various biofilm carriers and microbial interactions with substrate in moving bed-biofilm reactor for environmental wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology 359, 127421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127421.
    [23]
    Deng, L., Guo, W., Ngo, H.H., Zhang, X., Wang, X.C., Zhang, Q., Chen, R., 2016. New functional biocarriers for enhancing the performance of a hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor system. Bioresour. Technol. 208, 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.02.057.
    [24]
    Ding, D., Feng, C., Jin, Y., Hao, C., Zhao, Y., Suemura, T., 2011. Domestic sewage treatment in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) with an intelligent controlling system. Desalination 276(1-3), 260-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.03.059.
    [25]
    Dzionek, A., Wojcieszynska, D., Guzik, U., 2016. Natural carriers in bioremediation: A review. Electron. J. Biotechnol. 23, 28-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.07.00.
    [26]
    Egas, D., Azarkamand, S., Casals, C., Ponsa, S., Llenas, L., Colon, J., 2023. Life cycle assessment of bio-based fertilizers production systems: Where are we and where should we be heading? Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 28, 626-650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-023-02168-8.
    [27]
    Feng, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, T., 2012. Effects of packing rates of cubic-shaped polyurethane foam carriers on the microbial community and the removal of organics and nitrogen in moving bed biofilm reactors. Bioresour. Technol. 117, 201-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.076.
    [28]
    Gallego-Ramirez, C., Chica, E., Rubio-Clemente, A., 2023. Life cycle assessment of raw and Fe-modified biochars: Contributing to circular economy. Materials 16(17), 6059. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16176059.
    [29]
    Gogoi, J.K., Mutnuri, S., 2024. Investigation of cockleshell waste as a natural biocarrier and its performance efficiency for blackwater treatment in a free-floating plant-constructed wetland. Water Sci. Technol. 90(8), 2382-2396. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.332.
    [30]
    Gonzalez, M.S., Wilderer, P.A., 1991. Phosphate removal in a biofilm reactor. Water Sci. Tech. 23(7-9), 1405-1415. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0593.
    [31]
    Guieysse, B., Norvill, Z.N., 2014. Sequential chemical-biological processes for the treatment of industrial wastewaters: Review of recent progresses and critical assessment. J. Hazard. Mater. 267, 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.016.
    [32]
    Habl, A.M., Amooey, A.A., Mohammed M.M., Alalwan, H.M., 2024. Electro oxidation process for wastewater treatment in petroleum refineries. Pollution 10(2), 819-832. https://doi.org/10.22059/poll.2024.371677.2236.
    [33]
    Hajsardar, M., Borghei, S.M., Hassani, A., Takdastan, A., 2019. Improving wastewater nitrogen removal and reducing effluent by an oxygen-limited process consisting of a sequencing batch reactor and a sequencing batch biofilm reactor. International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 17(7), 20180147. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2018-0147.
    [34]
    Hasan, H.A., Rahim, N.F.M., Alias, J., Ahmad, J., Said, N.S.M., Ramli, N.N., Buhari, J., Abdullah, S.R.S., Othman, A.R., Jusoh, H.H.W., et al., 2024. A review on the roles of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in wastewater treatment: Source, mechanism study, bioproducts, limitations, and future challenges. Water 16(19), 2812. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16192812.
    [35]
    Henze, M., Van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Ekama, G.A., Brdjanovic, D., 2008. Wastewater treatment development. In: Henze, M., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Ekama, G.A., Brdjanovic, D. (Eds.), Principles, Modelling and Design. IWA Publishing, London.
    [36]
    Hirai, M., Kamamoto, M., Yani, M., Shoda, M., 2001. Comparison of the biological NH3 removal characteristics among four inorganic packing materials. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 91(4), 428-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-1723(01)80165-1.
    [37]
    Homagain, K., Shahi, C., Luckai, N., Sharma, M., 2015. Life cycle environmental impact assessment of biochar-based bioenergy production and utilization in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. J. For. Res. 26, 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-015-0132-y.
    [38]
    Hou, Y., Liu, M., Tan, X., Hou, S., Yang, P., 2021. Study on COD and nitrogen removal efficiency of domestic sewage by hybrid carrier biofilm reactor. RSC Adv. 11(44), 27322-27332. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA03286K.
    [39]
    Hozalski, R.M., Goel, S., Bouwer, E., 1995. TOC removal in biological filters. J. AWWA 87(12), 40-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1995.tb06464.x.
    [40]
    Iaconi, C.D., Ramadori, R., Lopez, A., Passino, R., 2005. Hydraulic shear stress calculation in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor with granular biomass. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(3), 889-894. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0400483.
    [41]
    Islam, M., Xayachak, T., Haque, N., Lau, D., Bhuiyan, M., Pramanik, B.K., 2024. Impact of bioplastics on environment from its production to end-of-life, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 188, 151-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.05.113.
    [42]
    Ivanovic, I., Leiknes, T.O., 2012. The biofilm membrane bioreactor (BFMBR)-A review. Desalination Water Treat. 37(1-3), 288-295.
    [43]
    Jagaba, A.H., Kutty, S.R.M., Noor, A., Birniwa, A.H., Affam, A.C., Lawal, I.M., Kankia, M.U., Kilaco, A.U., 2021. A systematic literature review of biocarriers: Central elements for biofilm formation, organic and nutrients removal in sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Journal of Water Process Engineering 42, 102178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102178.
    [44]
    Jagaba, A.H., Abdulazeez, I., Lawal, D.U., Affam, A.C., Mu'azu, N.D., Soja, U.B., Usman, A.K., Noor, A., Lim, J.W., Aljundi, I.H., 2024. A review on the application of biochar as an innovative and sustainable biocarrier material in moving bed biofilm reactors for dye removal from environmental matrices. Environ. Geochem. Health. 46(9), 333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02122-z.
    [45]
    Jiang, Y., Panyue, Z., Fan, L., Gaopeng, L., Binghan, H., 2015. Simultaneous biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal with a sequencing batch reactor-biofilm system. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 103, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.02.019.
    [46]
    Jin, Y., Ding, D., Feng, C., Tong, S., Suemura, T., Zhang, F., 2012. Performance of sequencing batch biofilm reactors with different control systems in treating synthetic municipal wastewater. Bioresource Technology 104, 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.086.
    [47]
    Kalantzis, D., Daskaloudis, I., Lacoere, T., Stasinakis, A.S., Lekkas, D.F., De, Vrieze, J., Fountoulakis, M.S., 2023. Granular activated carbon stimulates biogas production in pilot-scale anaerobic digester treating agro-industrial wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 376, 128908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128908.
    [48]
    Kamstra, A., Blom, E., Terjesen, B.F., 2017. Mixing and scale affect moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) performance. Aquacultural Engineering 78, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2017.04.004.
    [49]
    Lambert, S., Wagner, M., 2017. Environmental performance of bio-based and biodegradable plastics: The road ahead. Chem. Soc. Rev. 46(22), 6855-6871. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS00149E.
    [50]
    Latif, E., 2022. Economic comparison between wastewater treatment systems using simulation software. Desalination and Water Treatment 264, 91-101. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28583.
    [51]
    Le, H.T., Jantarat, N., Khanitchaidecha, W., Ratananikom, K., Nakaruk, A., 2016. Utilization of waste materials for microbial carrier in wastewater treatment. BioMed Res. Int. 6957358. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6957358.
    [52]
    Lewandowski, Z., Boltz, J.P., 2011. Biofilms in water and wastewater treatment. Treatise on Water Science 4, 529-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53199-5.00095-6.
    [53]
    Li, J., Sun, W., Lichtfouse, E., Maurer, C., Liu, H., 2024. Life cycle assessment of biochar for sustainable agricultural application: A review. Science of The Total Environment 951, 175448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175448.
    [54]
    Li, J., Li, J., Mu, H., Xie, H., Zhao, W., 2025. Immobilization technology of aerobic denitrifying bacteria and its enhanced biological denitrification: A review of recent advances. Water 17(10), 1433. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17101433.
    [55]
    Li, M., Liu, Y., Zhou, X., Wang, N., Yuan, B., 2023. A study on the carriers compound multi-stage MBBR biological treatment process for domestic sewage. Sustainability 15(10), 7922. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107922.
    [56]
    Li, W., Li, Y., Lee, S., Meng, M.K., Hao, T., 2019. Nitrogen removal in moving bed sequencing batch reactors with polyurethane foam cube and luffa sponge carrier materials. Journal of Environmental Engineering 145(6), 04019025. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001534.
    [57]
    Liu, Y., Cui, X., Zhang, X., Ren, J., Li, H., Wang, Z., Guo, W., Ngo, H.H., 2024. Recent advances and trends of carbon-based biocarriers for performance enhancement of anaerobic membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Water Process Engineering 59, 2214-7144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104949.
    [58]
    Lu, M., Zhao, F., Qin, F., Zhang, F., Feng, Q., Guo, R., 2024. Novel flocking materials as biocarriers in moving bed biofilm reactor for improving simultaneous nitrification and denitrification performance. Bioresource Technology 396, 130430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130430.
    [59]
    Ma, W.L., Qi, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Liang, C.Z., Yang, M., 2009. Performance of a successive hydrolysis, denitrification and nitrification system for simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen from terramycin production wastewater. Biochemical Engineering Journal 45(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.02.00.
    [60]
    Mahto, K.U., Das, S., 2022. Bacterial biofilm and extracellular polymeric substances in the moving bed biofilm reactor for wastewater treatment: A review. Bioresour. Technol. 345, 126476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126476.
    [61]
    Makisha, N., 2021. Application of biofilm carrier in aerobic reactors as a method to improve quality of wastewater treatment. Hydrology 8(2), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020077.
    [62]
    Milagres, T.G., Owatari, M.S., Dutra, S.A.P., Silva, E., Mourino, J.L.P., Lapa, K.R., 2024. Sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for the treatment of effluents from Penaeus vannamei cultivated under biofloc conditions. Environmental Pollution and Management 1, 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epm.2024.09.004.
    [63]
    Mohsen, M., Lin, C., Hamouda, H.I., Al-Zayat, A.M., Yang, H., 2022. Plastic-associated microbial communities in aquaculture areas. Front. Mar. Sci. 9, 895611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.895611.
    [64]
    Montalvo, S., Guerrero, L., Borja, R., Sanchez, E., Milan, Z., Cortes, I., de la la Rubia, M.A., 2012. Application of natural zeolites in anaerobic digestion processes: A review. Appl. Clay Sci. 58, 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.01.013.
    [65]
    Morales, N., Mery-Araya, C., Guerra, P., Poblete, R., Chacana-Olivares, J., 2024. Mitigation of membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors using granular and powdered activated carbon: An experimental study. Water 16(17), 2556. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172556.
    [66]
    Mpongwana, N., Rathilal, S., 2022. Exploiting biofilm characteristics to enhance biological nutrient removal in wastewater treatment plants. Applied Sciences 12(15), 7561. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157561.
    [67]
    Muhamad, M.H., Abdullah, S.R.S., Hasan, H.A., Ismail, N.I., 2019. Effects of pentachlorophenol load on PCP, COD and NH3-N removal in lab-scale multimedia-sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating recycled paper mill wastewater. J. Environ. Biol. 40(3), 556-562. https://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/40/3(SI)/Sp-20.
    [68]
    Muller, N., 1998. Implementing biofilm carriers into activated sludge process-15 years of experience. Water Sci. Technol. 37(9), 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00285-6.
    [69]
    Nath, K., Bhakhar, M.S., 2011. Microbial regeneration of spent activated carbon dispersed with organic contaminants: Mechanism, efficiency, and kinetic models. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 18, 534-546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-010-0426-8.
    [70]
    Nerland, I.L., Halsband, C., Allan, I., Thomas, K.V., 2014. Microplastics in Marine Environments: Occurrence, Distribution and Effects. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo.
    [71]
    Ngo, H.H., Guo, W., Xing, W., 2008. Evaluation of a novel sponge-submerged membrane bioreactor (SSMBR) for sustainable water reclamation. Bioresour. Technol. 99(7), 2429-2435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.067.
    [72]
    OEdegaard, H., Rusten, B., Westrum, T., 1994. A new moving bed biofilm reactor-Applications and results. Water Science and Technology 29(10-11), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0757.
    [73]
    OEdegaard, H., 2000. Advanced compact wastewater treatment based on coagulation and moving bed biofilm processes. Water Science and Technology 42(12), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0235.
    [74]
    Ozturk, A., Aygun, A., Nas, B., 2019. Application of sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) in dairy wastewater treatment. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 36(2) 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-018-0198-2.
    [75]
    Peng, P., Huang, H., Ren, H., 2018. Exogenous N-acyl homoserine lactones facilitate microbial adhesion of high ammonia nitrogen wastewater on biocarrier surfaces. Sci. Total Environ. 624, 1013-1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.248.
    [76]
    Phan, T., Pham, T.N., Duong, T.H., Nguyen, H.M., 2023. Novel carrier for seafood wastewater treatment using moving bed biofilm reactor system. Environmental Engineering Research 28(5), 220508. https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2022.508.
    [77]
    Pratap, V., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yadav, B.R., 2024. Optimization of moving bed biofilm reactors for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Environ. Res. 241, 117560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.117560.
    [78]
    Proano-Pena, G., Carrano, A.L., Blersch, D.M., 2020. Analysis of very-high surface area 3D-printed media in a moving bed biofilm reactor for wastewater treatment. PLoS ONE 15(8), e0238386. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238386.
    [79]
    Radhai, R., Prabhavathi, P., Karthiksundaram, S., Pattabi, S., Kumar S.D., Perumal, S., 2014. Enhanced bioremediation efficiency of denim industrial effluent using bacterial biofilm onto polyurethane matrix (review). Appl. Biochem. Microbiol. 50, 554-562. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683814060131.
    [80]
    Ren, Z., Zhou, Y., Lu, Z., Liu, X., Liu, G., 2023. Biofilm reactor with permeable materials as carriers archives better and more stable performance in treatment of slightly polluted water during long-term operation. Water 15(13), 2415. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15132415.
    [81]
    Rusten, B., Eikebrokk, B., Ulgenes, Y., Lygren, E., 2006. Design and operations of the Kaldnes moving bed biofilm reactors. Aquac. Eng. 34(3), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.04.002.
    [82]
    Sadaf, S., Singh, A., Iqbal, J., Kumar, R. N., Sulejmanovic, J., Habila, M., Americo-P.J., Sher, F., 2022. Advancements of sequencing batch biofilm reactor for slaughterhouse wastewater assisted with response surface methodology. Chemosphere 307, 135952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135952.
    [83]
    Sajjad, A., Teow, Y.H., Hussain, A.W.M., 2018. Sustainable approach of recycling palm oil mill effluent (POME) using integrated biofilm/membrane filtration system for internal plant usage. J. Tekno. l80(4), 165-172. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v80.11054.
    [84]
    Sajjad, A., Yunus, M., Yusri, M., Joan, L., Woo, L., Fei, D., Ihsan, D., 2020. Roughness and wettability of biofilm carriers: A systematic review. Environmental Technology & Innovation 21, 101233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101233.
    [85]
    Sarti, A., Pozzi, E., Chinalia, F.A., Zaiat, M., Foresti, E., 2006. The performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor treating domestic sewage colonized by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria. Chemosphere 62(9), 1437-1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.007.
    [86]
    Shi, W., Tian, Z., Luan, X., Wang, Y., Chi, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, M., 2025. Porous polyurethane biocarriers could enhance system nitrification resilience under high organic loading by retaining key functional bacteria. Water Res. 272, 122950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122950.
    [87]
    Simpson, D.R., 2008. Biofilm processes in biologically active carbon water purification. Water Res. 42(12), 2839-2848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.02.025.
    [88]
    Song, Z., Zhang, X., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Song, P., Zhang, Y., Wen, H., Guo, J., 2019. Zeolite powder based polyurethane sponges as biocarriers in moving bed biofilm reactor for improving nitrogen removal of municipal wastewater. Science of The Total Environment 651, 1078-1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.173.
    [89]
    Song, Z., Su, X., Li, P., Sun, F., Dong, W., Zhao, Z., Wen, Z., Liao, R., 2021. Facial fabricated biocompatible homogeneous biocarriers involving biochar to enhance denitrification performance in an anoxic moving bed biofilm reactor. Bioresour. Technol. 341, 125866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125866.
    [90]
    Srivastava, A., Ambekar, R.S., Gupta, B., Tiwary, C.S., Gupta, A.K., 2024. Schwarzite-based 3D-printed carriers for enhanced performance of sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 12(1), 111794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111794.
    [91]
    Sultan, M., 2017. Polyurethane for removal of organic dyes from textile wastewater. Environ. Chem. Lett. 15, 347-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0597-8.
    [92]
    Sun, L., Wang, Z., Wei, X., Li, P., Zhang, H., Li, M., Li, B., Wang, S., 2015. Enhanced biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal using sequencing batch membrane-aerated biofilm reactor. Chemical Engineering Science 135, 559-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2015.07.033.
    [93]
    Swain, A.K., Sahoo, A., Jena, H.M., Patra, H., 2018. Industrial wastewater treatment by aerobic inverse fluidized bed biofilm reactors (AIFBBRs): A review. J. Water Process Eng. 23, 61-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.02.017.
    [94]
    Tan, C., Xu, H., Cui, D., Zuo, J., Li, J., Ji, Y., Qiu, S., Yao, L., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., 2018. Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor. Journal of Environmental Sciences 67, 127-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.08.012.
    [95]
    Tiwari, H., Pophali, G., 2025. Review of improved hydrodynamics in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) for wastewater treatment: A way forward. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 13(3), 116751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.116751.
    [96]
    Tsitouras, A., Al-Ghussain, N., Butcher, J., Stintzi, A., Delatolla, R., 2023. The microbiome of two strategies for ammonia removal with the sequencing batch moving bed biofilm reactor treating cheese production wastewater. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 89(12), e0150723. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.01507-23.
    [97]
    Venkata, M.S., Chandrasekhara R.N., Sarma, P.N., 2007. Low-biodegradable composite chemical wastewater treatment by biofilm configured sequencing batch reactor (SBBR). J. Hazard. Mater. 144, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.090.
    [98]
    Vidal, J., Carvajal, A., Huilinir, C., Salazar, R., 2019. Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment by a combined anaerobic digestion/solar photoelectro-Fenton process performed in semicontinuous operation. Chem. Eng. J. 378, 122097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122097.
    [99]
    Wang, F., Zhou, L., Zhao, J., 2018. The performance of biocarrier containing zinc nanoparticles in biofilm reactor for treating textile wastewater. Process Biochemistry 74, 125-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.022.
    [100]
    Wang, G., Wang, D., Xu, Y., Li, Z., Huang, L., 2020. Study on optimization and performance of biological enhanced activated sludge process for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment. Sci. Total Environ. 739, 140166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140166.
    [101]
    Xing, W., Ngo, H.H., Kim, S.H., Guo, W.S., Hagare, P., 2008. Adsorption and bioadsorption of granular activated carbon (GAC) for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in wastewater. Bioresour. Technol. 99(18), 8674-8678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.012.
    [102]
    Yang, H., Xu, Z., Xu, Z., Li, Y., 2023. Mini-review of biofilm interactions with surface materials in industrial piping system. Membranes 13(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020125.
    [103]
    Yang, X., Lopez-Grimau, V., 2021. Reduction of cost and environmental impact in the treatment of textile wastewater using a combined MBBR-MBR system. Membranes 11(11), 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11110892.
    [104]
    Yin, X., Wen, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., 2022. Long-term performance of nitrogen removal and microbial analysis in an anammox MBBR reactor with internal circulation to provide low concentration DO. Toxics 10(11), 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110640.
    [105]
    Young, B., Banihashemi, B., Forrest, D., Kennedy, K., Stintzi, A., Delatolla, R., 2016. Meso and micro-scale response of post carbon removal nitrifying MBBR biofilm across carrier type and loading. Water Res. 91, 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.006.
    [106]
    Zhang, X., Chen, X., Zhang, C., Wen, H., Guo, W., Ngo, H.H., 2016. Effect of filling fraction on the performance of sponge-based moving bed biofilm reactor. Bioresource Technology 219, 762-767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.031.
    [107]
    Zhao, Y., Liu, D., Huang, W., Yang, Y., Ji, M., Nghiem, L.D., Trinh, Q.T., Tran, N.H., 2019a. Insights into biofilm carriers for biological wastewater treatment processes: Current state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities. Bioresour. Technol. 288, 121619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121619.
    [108]
    Zhao, Y., Yuan, Q., He, Z., Wang, H., Yan, G., Chang, Y., Chu, Z., Ling, Y., Wang, H., 2019b. Influence of carrier filling ratio on the advanced nitrogen removal from wastewater treatment plant effluent by denitrifying MBBR. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 16(18), 3244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183244.
    [109]
    Zhu, L., Yuan, H., Shi, Z., Deng, L., Yu, Z., Li, Y., He, Q., 2022. Metagenomic insights into the effects of various biocarriers on moving bed biofilm reactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Science of The Total Environment 813, 151904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151904.
    [110]
    Zhu, Y., Miao, L., 2022. Effects of specific surface area of artificial carriers on carbon metabolism activity of biofilm. Water 14(17), 2735. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172735.
    • Relative Articles
    • Supplements(0)
    • Cited By
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Figures(1)

    Get Citation
    PDF
    XML

    Article Metrics

    Article views (16) PDF downloads(0) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    Copyright © 2009 Editorial office of Water Science and Engineering 苏ICP备12023610号-1

    Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd   support: info@rhhz.net

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return