Articles in press are presented at https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/water-science-and-engineering/articles-in-press
Abstract:
2026, 19(2): 161-171.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.006
Abstract:
Groundwater resources are crucial sources of freshwater, underscoring the importance of comprehensive aquifer health assessment for improved management and sustainable utilization. In this study, a novel index for assessing groundwater stress, termed the revised groundwater footprint index, was developed. The new index was compared with earlier versions in a case study of the Yom and Nan river basins in Thailand. The primary strength of the new index lies in its capacity to reduce uncertainties in groundwater stress estimation by avoiding double-counting of contaminated areas, particularly in overlapping zones, and by addressing complexities associated with multiple pollutants. An earlier-version index, known as the integrated groundwater footprint index, calculated groundwater stress in the Yom and Nan river basins as 2.75 and 2.13, respectively, significantly exceeding the maximum permissible limit of 1. In contrast, the revised groundwater footprint index yielded much lower stress values of 0.69 and 0.63 in the Yom and Nan river basins, respectively, which more accurately reflected actual conditions. The novel index can serve as a valuable tool for enhanced assessment and management of groundwater resources, supporting progress toward United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6.4 (Water Stress).
Groundwater resources are crucial sources of freshwater, underscoring the importance of comprehensive aquifer health assessment for improved management and sustainable utilization. In this study, a novel index for assessing groundwater stress, termed the revised groundwater footprint index, was developed. The new index was compared with earlier versions in a case study of the Yom and Nan river basins in Thailand. The primary strength of the new index lies in its capacity to reduce uncertainties in groundwater stress estimation by avoiding double-counting of contaminated areas, particularly in overlapping zones, and by addressing complexities associated with multiple pollutants. An earlier-version index, known as the integrated groundwater footprint index, calculated groundwater stress in the Yom and Nan river basins as 2.75 and 2.13, respectively, significantly exceeding the maximum permissible limit of 1. In contrast, the revised groundwater footprint index yielded much lower stress values of 0.69 and 0.63 in the Yom and Nan river basins, respectively, which more accurately reflected actual conditions. The novel index can serve as a valuable tool for enhanced assessment and management of groundwater resources, supporting progress toward United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6.4 (Water Stress).
2026, 19(2): 172-182.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.003
Abstract:
This study developed a novel semi-quantitative model for environmental risk assessment in surface water (SW) catchment areas (CAs) in Portugal, designed to assist authorities in complying with the European Drinking Water Directive (DWD). The model integrates a four-phase risk assessment framework with multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), supported by a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping and analyzing spatial data on pollution hazards and water resources characteristics. GIS facilitates direct data access and incorporates elements from relevant river basin management plans (RBMPs), ensuring the use of updated and validated information. The model evaluates risks from both point and diffuse pollution sources, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness through successful applications in two case studies: the Lever Montante and Odelouca CAs in Portugal. The assessment yielded a moderate risk classification for the Lever Montante CA and a very low risk for the Odelouca CA. These results provide clear and actionable insights for risk management and demonstrate the capacity of the model to differentiate risk levels between CAs. The findings of this study are consistent with SW monitoring data from the basin, adhering to critical data parameters without overstatement or misrepresentation of significant values, thereby enabling a reliable and balanced risk representation. This tool offers Portuguese authorities a systematic and repeatable method for conducting periodic risk assessments and optimizing monitoring programs, ensuring ongoing compliance with the DWD while effectively safeguarding water resources.
This study developed a novel semi-quantitative model for environmental risk assessment in surface water (SW) catchment areas (CAs) in Portugal, designed to assist authorities in complying with the European Drinking Water Directive (DWD). The model integrates a four-phase risk assessment framework with multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), supported by a geographic information system (GIS) for mapping and analyzing spatial data on pollution hazards and water resources characteristics. GIS facilitates direct data access and incorporates elements from relevant river basin management plans (RBMPs), ensuring the use of updated and validated information. The model evaluates risks from both point and diffuse pollution sources, demonstrating its versatility and effectiveness through successful applications in two case studies: the Lever Montante and Odelouca CAs in Portugal. The assessment yielded a moderate risk classification for the Lever Montante CA and a very low risk for the Odelouca CA. These results provide clear and actionable insights for risk management and demonstrate the capacity of the model to differentiate risk levels between CAs. The findings of this study are consistent with SW monitoring data from the basin, adhering to critical data parameters without overstatement or misrepresentation of significant values, thereby enabling a reliable and balanced risk representation. This tool offers Portuguese authorities a systematic and repeatable method for conducting periodic risk assessments and optimizing monitoring programs, ensuring ongoing compliance with the DWD while effectively safeguarding water resources.
Mechanisms of microbial and functional gene influences on nitrogen cycle in pumping station forebays
2026, 19(2): 183-197.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.02.003
Abstract:
Nitrogen pollution in rivers has long been a key environmental factor hindering ecosystem recovery. As critical nodes in water systems, pumping station projects further complicate river environmental issues. This study focused on the pumping stations in the Qinhuai River, a tributary in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, and investigated the mechanisms driving the nitrogen cycle in the forebays of pumping stations through field sampling, metagenomic analysis, and statistical methods. The results indicated that the most abundant phylum of nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in the forebays was Pseudomonadota, accounting for 50.29% of the community. The nitrogen cycle processes were primarily dominated by nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen mineralization, and denitrification. The abundance of denitrification-related genes (nirKS and nosZ) and the diversity and abundance of nitrogen-functional microorganisms were higher in rural areas than in urban areas. NH3-N exhibited a strong correlation with microbial communities in rural areas, while dissolved oxygen (DO) and MnO4- were more closely associated with microbial communities in urban areas. Results from partial least squares path modeling (LS-PM) indicated that the maximum path coefficients in rural and urban areas were 0.315 for denitrification functional genes and 0.687 for nitrogen-mineralization functional genes, respectively. The path coefficient for nitrification in urban areas was greater than those for dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification, suggesting that rural conditions are more conducive to nitrogen removal, while urban conditions favor nitrogen fixation. This study provides significant insights for understanding the ecological processes involved in pumping station water diversion projects.
Nitrogen pollution in rivers has long been a key environmental factor hindering ecosystem recovery. As critical nodes in water systems, pumping station projects further complicate river environmental issues. This study focused on the pumping stations in the Qinhuai River, a tributary in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, and investigated the mechanisms driving the nitrogen cycle in the forebays of pumping stations through field sampling, metagenomic analysis, and statistical methods. The results indicated that the most abundant phylum of nitrogen-cycling microorganisms in the forebays was Pseudomonadota, accounting for 50.29% of the community. The nitrogen cycle processes were primarily dominated by nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen mineralization, and denitrification. The abundance of denitrification-related genes (nirKS and nosZ) and the diversity and abundance of nitrogen-functional microorganisms were higher in rural areas than in urban areas. NH3-N exhibited a strong correlation with microbial communities in rural areas, while dissolved oxygen (DO) and MnO4- were more closely associated with microbial communities in urban areas. Results from partial least squares path modeling (LS-PM) indicated that the maximum path coefficients in rural and urban areas were 0.315 for denitrification functional genes and 0.687 for nitrogen-mineralization functional genes, respectively. The path coefficient for nitrification in urban areas was greater than those for dissimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification, suggesting that rural conditions are more conducive to nitrogen removal, while urban conditions favor nitrogen fixation. This study provides significant insights for understanding the ecological processes involved in pumping station water diversion projects.
2026, 19(2): 198-210.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.02.002
Abstract:
Tannery wastewater is a challenging effluent due to its high concentrations of chromium, total sulfides, and recalcitrant organic compounds. This study presented a novel electrocoagulation (EC) process using a self-induced external-loop airlift reactor (ELAR), which operated without mechanical mixing and relied on hydrogen and oxygen microbubbles for internal circulation. Under optimal conditions (pH of 6, a current density of 50 mA/cm2, an electrolysis time of 20 min), the ELAR achieved high pollutant removal efficiencies (88% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and 92% Cr removal) with lower energy consumption (10.8 kW·h/m3) and reduced operational costs (1.83 USD per cubic meter) compared to a stirred tank reactor. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling enabled data-driven optimization, further improving COD removal to 94% with reducing energy input. Kinetic and isotherm analyses confirmed chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and solar integration scenarios highlighted the environmental benefits of the ELAR system. Sludge characterization indicated potential for reuse as construction materials. This study uniquely introduced an ELAR system that operates without mechanical agitation, combined with ANN modeling and LCA, representing the first integrated approach for optimizing and assessing EC performance in tannery wastewater treatment. These findings demonstrate that the ELAR system offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution for industrial wastewater remediation.
Tannery wastewater is a challenging effluent due to its high concentrations of chromium, total sulfides, and recalcitrant organic compounds. This study presented a novel electrocoagulation (EC) process using a self-induced external-loop airlift reactor (ELAR), which operated without mechanical mixing and relied on hydrogen and oxygen microbubbles for internal circulation. Under optimal conditions (pH of 6, a current density of 50 mA/cm2, an electrolysis time of 20 min), the ELAR achieved high pollutant removal efficiencies (88% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and 92% Cr removal) with lower energy consumption (10.8 kW·h/m3) and reduced operational costs (1.83 USD per cubic meter) compared to a stirred tank reactor. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling enabled data-driven optimization, further improving COD removal to 94% with reducing energy input. Kinetic and isotherm analyses confirmed chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and solar integration scenarios highlighted the environmental benefits of the ELAR system. Sludge characterization indicated potential for reuse as construction materials. This study uniquely introduced an ELAR system that operates without mechanical agitation, combined with ANN modeling and LCA, representing the first integrated approach for optimizing and assessing EC performance in tannery wastewater treatment. These findings demonstrate that the ELAR system offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution for industrial wastewater remediation.
2021, 14(2): 139-148.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2021.06.006
摘要：
To assess the magnitude of water quality decline in the Turag River of Bangladesh, this study examined the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water, identified potential pollution sources, and clustered the monitoring months with similar characteristics. Water samples were collected in four distinct seasons to evaluate temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), chloride ion (Cl−) concentration, total alkalinity (TA), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, and total hardness (TH) using standard methods. The analytical results revealed that 40% of water quality indices were within the permissible limits suggested by different agencies, with the exception of EC, Cl− concentration, TA, turbidity, DO concentration, BOD5, and COD in all seasons. Statistical analyses indicated that 52% of the contrasts were significantly different at a 95% confidence interval. The factor analysis presented the best fit among the parameters, with four factors explaining 94.29% of the total variance. TDS, BOD5, COD, EC, turbidity, DO, and Cl− were mainly responsible for pollution loading and were caused by the significant amount of industrial discharge and toxicological compounds. The cluster analysis showed the seasonal change in surface water quality, which is usually an indicator of pollution from rainfall or other sources. However, the values of different physicochemical properties varied with seasons, and the highest values of pollutants were recorded in the winter. With the change in seasonal temperature and increase in rainfall, the seasonal Turag River water followed a self-refining trend as follows: rainy season > pre-winter > summer > winter.
To assess the magnitude of water quality decline in the Turag River of Bangladesh, this study examined the seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters of water, identified potential pollution sources, and clustered the monitoring months with similar characteristics. Water samples were collected in four distinct seasons to evaluate temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity (EC), chloride ion (Cl−) concentration, total alkalinity (TA), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration, total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, and total hardness (TH) using standard methods. The analytical results revealed that 40% of water quality indices were within the permissible limits suggested by different agencies, with the exception of EC, Cl− concentration, TA, turbidity, DO concentration, BOD5, and COD in all seasons. Statistical analyses indicated that 52% of the contrasts were significantly different at a 95% confidence interval. The factor analysis presented the best fit among the parameters, with four factors explaining 94.29% of the total variance. TDS, BOD5, COD, EC, turbidity, DO, and Cl− were mainly responsible for pollution loading and were caused by the significant amount of industrial discharge and toxicological compounds. The cluster analysis showed the seasonal change in surface water quality, which is usually an indicator of pollution from rainfall or other sources. However, the values of different physicochemical properties varied with seasons, and the highest values of pollutants were recorded in the winter. With the change in seasonal temperature and increase in rainfall, the seasonal Turag River water followed a self-refining trend as follows: rainy season > pre-winter > summer > winter.
2019, 12(4): 274-283.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2019.12.004
摘要：
Increased urbanisation, economic growth, and long-term climate variability have made both the UK and China more susceptible to urban and river flooding, putting people and property at increased risk. This paper presents a review of the current flooding challenges that are affecting the UK and China and the actions that each country is undertaking to tackle these problems. Particular emphases in this paper are laid on (1) learning from previous flooding events in the UK and China, and (2) which management methodologies are commonly used to reduce flood risk. The paper concludes with a strategic research plan suggested by the authors, together with proposed ways to overcome identified knowledge gaps in flood management. Recommendations briefly comprise the engagement of all stakeholders to ensure a proactive approach to land use planning, early warning systems, and water-sensitive urban design or redesign through more effective policy, multi-level flood models, and data driven models of water quantity and quality.
Increased urbanisation, economic growth, and long-term climate variability have made both the UK and China more susceptible to urban and river flooding, putting people and property at increased risk. This paper presents a review of the current flooding challenges that are affecting the UK and China and the actions that each country is undertaking to tackle these problems. Particular emphases in this paper are laid on (1) learning from previous flooding events in the UK and China, and (2) which management methodologies are commonly used to reduce flood risk. The paper concludes with a strategic research plan suggested by the authors, together with proposed ways to overcome identified knowledge gaps in flood management. Recommendations briefly comprise the engagement of all stakeholders to ensure a proactive approach to land use planning, early warning systems, and water-sensitive urban design or redesign through more effective policy, multi-level flood models, and data driven models of water quantity and quality.
2023, 16(4): 333-344.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2023.04.003
摘要：
Clean drinking water is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Despite significant progress in the water purification technology, many regions still lack access to clean water. This paper provides a review of selected water contaminants and their impacts on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and regional standards for key contaminants were used to characterise water quality in the European Union and UK. The concept of safe drinking water was explained based on the non-observed adverse effect level, threshold concentrations for toxic chemicals, and their total daily intake. Various techniques for monitoring water contaminants and the drinking water standards from five different countries, including the UK, USA, Canada, Pakistan and India, were compared to WHO recommended guidelines. The literature on actual water quality in these regions and its potential health impacts was also discussed. Finally, the role of public water suppliers in identifying and monitoring drinking water contaminants in selected developed countries was presented as a potential guideline for developing countries. This review emphasised the need for a comprehensive understanding of water quality and its impacts on human health to ensure access to clean drinking water worldwide.
Clean drinking water is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Despite significant progress in the water purification technology, many regions still lack access to clean water. This paper provides a review of selected water contaminants and their impacts on human health. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and regional standards for key contaminants were used to characterise water quality in the European Union and UK. The concept of safe drinking water was explained based on the non-observed adverse effect level, threshold concentrations for toxic chemicals, and their total daily intake. Various techniques for monitoring water contaminants and the drinking water standards from five different countries, including the UK, USA, Canada, Pakistan and India, were compared to WHO recommended guidelines. The literature on actual water quality in these regions and its potential health impacts was also discussed. Finally, the role of public water suppliers in identifying and monitoring drinking water contaminants in selected developed countries was presented as a potential guideline for developing countries. This review emphasised the need for a comprehensive understanding of water quality and its impacts on human health to ensure access to clean drinking water worldwide.
2016, 9(1): 58-66.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2016.02.002
摘要：
This paper presents a study on the improvement of wind field hindcasts for two typical tropical cyclones, i.e., Fanapi and Meranti, which occurred in 2010. The performance of the three existing models for the hindcasting of cyclone wind fields is first examined, and then two modification methods are proposed to improve the hindcasted results. The first one is the superposition method, which superposes the wind field calculated from the parametric cyclone model on that obtained from the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) reanalysis data. The radius used for the superposition is based on an analysis of the minimum difference between the two wind fields. The other one is the direct modification method, which directly modifies the CCMP reanalysis data according to the ratio of the measured maximum wind speed to the reanalyzed value as well as the distance from the cyclone center. Using these two methods, the problem of underestimation of strong winds in reanalysis data can be overcome. Both methods show considerable improvements in the hindcasting of tropical cyclone wind fields, compared with the cyclone wind model and the reanalysis data.
This paper presents a study on the improvement of wind field hindcasts for two typical tropical cyclones, i.e., Fanapi and Meranti, which occurred in 2010. The performance of the three existing models for the hindcasting of cyclone wind fields is first examined, and then two modification methods are proposed to improve the hindcasted results. The first one is the superposition method, which superposes the wind field calculated from the parametric cyclone model on that obtained from the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform (CCMP) reanalysis data. The radius used for the superposition is based on an analysis of the minimum difference between the two wind fields. The other one is the direct modification method, which directly modifies the CCMP reanalysis data according to the ratio of the measured maximum wind speed to the reanalyzed value as well as the distance from the cyclone center. Using these two methods, the problem of underestimation of strong winds in reanalysis data can be overcome. Both methods show considerable improvements in the hindcasting of tropical cyclone wind fields, compared with the cyclone wind model and the reanalysis data.
2020, 13(3): 202-213.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2020.09.007
摘要：
In this experiment, cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon (CF-AC) was developed and characterized via the wet impregnation method for the removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions from tannery wastewater. Batch adsorption was carried out to evaluate the effect of experimental operating conditions (pH of solution, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature), and the removal efficiencies of Cr and Pb(II) ions by the developed adsorbents were calculated and recorded for all experimental conditions. These variables were estimated and reported as removal efficiencies of 98.2% for Cr and 96.4% for Pb(II) ions at the optimal conditions of 5, 0.8 g, 80 min, and 333 K for pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, respectively. The equilibrium for the sorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions was studied using four widely used isotherm models (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherm models). It was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fit better with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.948 4 and a small sum of square error of 0.000 6. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qm) of Pb(II) and Cr adsorbed onto CF-AC were determined to be 6.27 and 23.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process conformed well to pseudo-second order kinetics as revealed by the high R2 values obtained for both metals. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions onto CF-AC was spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic under the studied conditions. The mean adsorption energy (E) values revealed that the adsorption mechanism of Cr and Pb(II) by CF-AC is physical in nature. The results of the study showed that adsorbent developed from CF-AC can be efficiently used as an environmentally friendly alternative adsorbent, for removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions in tannery wastewater.
In this experiment, cobalt ferrite-supported activated carbon (CF-AC) was developed and characterized via the wet impregnation method for the removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions from tannery wastewater. Batch adsorption was carried out to evaluate the effect of experimental operating conditions (pH of solution, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature), and the removal efficiencies of Cr and Pb(II) ions by the developed adsorbents were calculated and recorded for all experimental conditions. These variables were estimated and reported as removal efficiencies of 98.2% for Cr and 96.4% for Pb(II) ions at the optimal conditions of 5, 0.8 g, 80 min, and 333 K for pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, respectively. The equilibrium for the sorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions was studied using four widely used isotherm models (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Temkin isotherm models). It was found that the Freundlich isotherm model fit better with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.948 4 and a small sum of square error of 0.000 6. The maximum adsorption capacities (Qm) of Pb(II) and Cr adsorbed onto CF-AC were determined to be 6.27 and 23.6 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption process conformed well to pseudo-second order kinetics as revealed by the high R2 values obtained for both metals. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption of Cr and Pb(II) ions onto CF-AC was spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic under the studied conditions. The mean adsorption energy (E) values revealed that the adsorption mechanism of Cr and Pb(II) by CF-AC is physical in nature. The results of the study showed that adsorbent developed from CF-AC can be efficiently used as an environmentally friendly alternative adsorbent, for removal of Cr and Pb(II) ions in tannery wastewater.
2019, 12(1): 11-18.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2019.03.001
摘要：
Hydraulic models for the generation of ?ood inundation maps are not commonly applied in mountain river basins because of the dif?culty in modeling the hydraulic behavior and the complex topography. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of four twodimensional hydraulic models (HEC-RAS 2D, Iber 2D, Flood Modeller 2D, and PCSWMM 2D) with respect to the generation of ?ood inundation maps. The study area covers a 5-km reach of the Santa Barbara River located in the Ecuadorian Andes, at 2330 masl, in Gualaceo. The model's performance was evaluated based on the water surface elevation and ?ood extent, in terms of the mean absolute difference and measure of ?t. The analysis revealed that, for a given case, Iber 2D has the best performance in simulating the water level and inundation for ?ood events with 20- and 50-year return periods, respectively, followed by Flood Modeller 2D, HEC-RAS 2D, and PCSWMM 2D in terms of their performance. Grid resolution, the way in which hydraulic structures are mimicked, the model code, and the default value of the parameters are considered the main sources of prediction uncertainty.
Hydraulic models for the generation of ?ood inundation maps are not commonly applied in mountain river basins because of the dif?culty in modeling the hydraulic behavior and the complex topography. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the performance of four twodimensional hydraulic models (HEC-RAS 2D, Iber 2D, Flood Modeller 2D, and PCSWMM 2D) with respect to the generation of ?ood inundation maps. The study area covers a 5-km reach of the Santa Barbara River located in the Ecuadorian Andes, at 2330 masl, in Gualaceo. The model's performance was evaluated based on the water surface elevation and ?ood extent, in terms of the mean absolute difference and measure of ?t. The analysis revealed that, for a given case, Iber 2D has the best performance in simulating the water level and inundation for ?ood events with 20- and 50-year return periods, respectively, followed by Flood Modeller 2D, HEC-RAS 2D, and PCSWMM 2D in terms of their performance. Grid resolution, the way in which hydraulic structures are mimicked, the model code, and the default value of the parameters are considered the main sources of prediction uncertainty.
2023, 16(1): 1-13.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2022.10.004
摘要：
Nature-based coastal protection is increasingly recognised as a potentially sustainable and cost-effective solution to reduce coastal flood risk. It uses coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests to create resilient designs for coastal flood protection. However, to use mangroves effectively as a nature-based measure for flood risk reduction, we must understand the biophysical processes that govern risk reduction capacity through mangrove ecosystem size and structure. In this perspective, we evaluate the current state of knowledge on local physical drivers and ecological processes that determine mangrove functioning as part of a nature-based flood defence. We show that the forest properties that comprise coastal flood protection are well-known, but models cannot yet pinpoint how spatial heterogeneity of the forest structure affects the capacity for wave or surge attenuation. Overall, there is relatively good understanding of the ecological processes that drive forest structure and size, but there is a lack of knowledge on how daily bed-level dynamics link to long-term biogeomorphic forest dynamics, and on the role of combined stressors influencing forest retreat. Integrating simulation models of forest structure under changing physical (e.g. due to sea-level change) and ecological drivers with hydrodynamic attenuation models will allow for better projections of long-term natural coastal protection.
Nature-based coastal protection is increasingly recognised as a potentially sustainable and cost-effective solution to reduce coastal flood risk. It uses coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests to create resilient designs for coastal flood protection. However, to use mangroves effectively as a nature-based measure for flood risk reduction, we must understand the biophysical processes that govern risk reduction capacity through mangrove ecosystem size and structure. In this perspective, we evaluate the current state of knowledge on local physical drivers and ecological processes that determine mangrove functioning as part of a nature-based flood defence. We show that the forest properties that comprise coastal flood protection are well-known, but models cannot yet pinpoint how spatial heterogeneity of the forest structure affects the capacity for wave or surge attenuation. Overall, there is relatively good understanding of the ecological processes that drive forest structure and size, but there is a lack of knowledge on how daily bed-level dynamics link to long-term biogeomorphic forest dynamics, and on the role of combined stressors influencing forest retreat. Integrating simulation models of forest structure under changing physical (e.g. due to sea-level change) and ecological drivers with hydrodynamic attenuation models will allow for better projections of long-term natural coastal protection.
2020, 13(2): 136-144.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2020.06.005
摘要：
Based on conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO), this paper presents an efficient and reliable heuristic approach using PSO with an adaptive random inertia weight (ARIW) strategy, referred to as the ARIW-PSO algorithm, to build a multi-objective optimization model for reservoir operation. Using the triangular probability density function, the inertia weight is randomly generated, and the probability density function is automatically adjusted to make the inertia weight generally greater in the initial stage of evolution, which is suitable for global searches. In the evolution process, the inertia weight gradually decreases, which is beneficial to local searches. The performance of the ARIW-PSO algorithm was investigated with some classical test functions, and the results were compared with those of the genetic algorithm (GA), the conventional PSO, and other improved PSO methods. Then, the ARIW-PSO algorithm was applied to multi-objective optimal dispatch of the Panjiakou Reservoir and multi-objective flood control operation of a reservoir group on the Luanhe River in China, including the Panjiakou Reservoir, Daheiting Reservoir, and Taolinkou Reservoir. The validity of the multi-objective optimization model for multi-reservoir systems based on the ARIW-PSO algorithm was verified.
Based on conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO), this paper presents an efficient and reliable heuristic approach using PSO with an adaptive random inertia weight (ARIW) strategy, referred to as the ARIW-PSO algorithm, to build a multi-objective optimization model for reservoir operation. Using the triangular probability density function, the inertia weight is randomly generated, and the probability density function is automatically adjusted to make the inertia weight generally greater in the initial stage of evolution, which is suitable for global searches. In the evolution process, the inertia weight gradually decreases, which is beneficial to local searches. The performance of the ARIW-PSO algorithm was investigated with some classical test functions, and the results were compared with those of the genetic algorithm (GA), the conventional PSO, and other improved PSO methods. Then, the ARIW-PSO algorithm was applied to multi-objective optimal dispatch of the Panjiakou Reservoir and multi-objective flood control operation of a reservoir group on the Luanhe River in China, including the Panjiakou Reservoir, Daheiting Reservoir, and Taolinkou Reservoir. The validity of the multi-objective optimization model for multi-reservoir systems based on the ARIW-PSO algorithm was verified.
2022, 15(1): 29-39.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2021.12.006
摘要：
In this article, current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented. The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized, including the current-only condition, wave-only condition, combined wave-current condition, and complex dynamic condition. Furthermore, this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions. The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed. It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations.
In this article, current research findings of local scour at offshore windfarm monopile foundations are presented. The scour mechanisms and scour depth prediction formulas under different hydrodynamic conditions are summarized, including the current-only condition, wave-only condition, combined wave-current condition, and complex dynamic condition. Furthermore, this article analyzes the influencing factors on the basis of classical equations for predicting the equilibrium scour depth under specific conditions. The weakness of existing researches and future prospects are also discussed. It is suggested that future research shall focus on physical experiments under unsteady tidal currents or other complex loadings. The computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method and artificial intelligence technique are suggested being adopted to study the scour at offshore windfarm foundations.
2019, 12(1): 27-36.
doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2019.04.003
摘要：
This study aimed to investigate the biosorption potential of Na2CO3-modified Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) leaf (MABL) powder for removal of Ni(II) ions from a synthetic aqueous solution. Effects of various process parameters (pH, equilibrium time, and temperature) were investigated in order to optimize the biosorptive removal. The maximum biosorption capacity of MABL was observed to be 28.986 mg/g at a temperature of 303 K, a biosorbent dose of 0.6 g, a contact time of 90 min, and a pH value of 7. Different kinetic models (the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models) were evaluated. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be the best fitted model in this study, with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.974. Five different isotherm models (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models) were investigated to identify the best-suited isotherm model for the present system. Based on the minimum chi-square value (χ2 = 0.027) and the maximum coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.996), the Langmuir isotherm model was found to represent the system well, indicating the possibility of monolayer biosorption. The sticking probability (S*) was found to be 0.41, suggesting a physisorption mechanism for biosorption of Ni(II) on MABL. The biosorbent was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, and BET surface area, in order to understand its morphological and functional characteristics.
This study aimed to investigate the biosorption potential of Na2CO3-modified Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera) leaf (MABL) powder for removal of Ni(II) ions from a synthetic aqueous solution. Effects of various process parameters (pH, equilibrium time, and temperature) were investigated in order to optimize the biosorptive removal. The maximum biosorption capacity of MABL was observed to be 28.986 mg/g at a temperature of 303 K, a biosorbent dose of 0.6 g, a contact time of 90 min, and a pH value of 7. Different kinetic models (the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models) were evaluated. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to be the best fitted model in this study, with a coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.974. Five different isotherm models (the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) models) were investigated to identify the best-suited isotherm model for the present system. Based on the minimum chi-square value (χ2 = 0.027) and the maximum coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.996), the Langmuir isotherm model was found to represent the system well, indicating the possibility of monolayer biosorption. The sticking probability (S*) was found to be 0.41, suggesting a physisorption mechanism for biosorption of Ni(II) on MABL. The biosorbent was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, and BET surface area, in order to understand its morphological and functional characteristics.
2008, 1(1): 37-43 .
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2008.01.005
Abstract:
2011, 4(1): 101-109.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2011.01.010
Abstract:
2011, 4(3): 258-269.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2011.03.003
Abstract:
2012, 5(3): 243-258.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2012.03.001
Abstract:
2010, 3(3): 321-330.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.03.008
Abstract:
2012, 5(1): 26-33.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2012.01.003
Abstract:
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1
2008, 1(1): 37-43 .
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2008.01.005
2
2011, 4(1): 101-109.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2011.01.010
3
2011, 4(3): 258-269.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2011.03.003
4
2012, 5(3): 243-258.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2012.03.001
5
2010, 3(3): 321-330.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.03.008
6
2012, 5(1): 26-33.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2012.01.003
1
2010, 3(2): 132-143.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.02.002
2
2010, 3(3): 241-256.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.03.001
3
2011, 4(1): 101-109.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2011.01.010
4
2010, 3(1): 1-13.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.01.001
5
2012, 5(3): 243-258.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2012.03.001
6
2010, 3(3): 321-330.
doi: 10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.03.008
Volume 19，Issue 2，
May 2026
Editor-in-ChiefZhong-bo Yu
Edited byEditorial Board of Water Science and Engineering
Distributed byEditorial Office of Water Science and Engineering
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