Volume 19 Issue 2
May  2026
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Article Navigation >  Water Science and Engineering  > 2026  >  19(2): 223-235
Tao Wang, Bao-wen Zhang, Xi Long, Wan-ying Li, Jia-lin Huang, Chuan-lin Cai, Bin Kuang. 2026: Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation via iron-modified powdered activated carbon: Focus on nitrogen removal and microbial variation. Water Science and Engineering, 19(2): 223-235. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.005
Citation: Tao Wang, Bao-wen Zhang, Xi Long, Wan-ying Li, Jia-lin Huang, Chuan-lin Cai, Bin Kuang. 2026: Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation via iron-modified powdered activated carbon: Focus on nitrogen removal and microbial variation. Water Science and Engineering, 19(2): 223-235. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.005
shu

Anaerobic methane oxidation coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation via iron-modified powdered activated carbon: Focus on nitrogen removal and microbial variation

doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.01.005

  • a. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China;

  • b. Jiangmen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Cleaner Production, Institute of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization, Jiangmen 529020, China;

  • c. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;

  • d. Jiangmen Polytechnic, Jiangmen 529020, China

Funds:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52200067), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2024A1515010681), the Guangdong Provincial Key Disciplines Scientific Research Capacity Enhancement Project (Grant No. 2024ZDJSO35), the Funds for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province (Cultivation of Science and Technology Innovation for University Students) (Grant No. pdjh2024a667), and the Jiangmen Science and Technology Planning Project (Grant No. Jiangke [2024],215).

  • Available Online: 2026-05-30
    Abstract
  • Nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-DAMO) coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) offers an effective approach for removing low-concentration nitrogen from wastewater. However, the slow growth and low metabolic activity of the involved microorganisms limit the overall efficiency of the process. This study investigated the effects of two iron-loaded modified powdered activated carbons (PACs) on synergistic microbial enrichment and nitrogen removal performance. The results showed that the optimal dosages of the unmodified PAC, iron-modified PAC (FePAC), and iron—copper-modified PAC (FeCuPAC) were 0.250 g/L, 0.250 g/L, and 0.025 g/L, respectively, achieving corresponding total nitrogen removal rates of 61.60 mg/(L·d), 68.49 mg/(L·d), and 51.72 mg/(L·d). In short-term experiments, the FePAC group exhibited the highest level of extracellular polymeric substances (134.33 mg per gram of volatile suspended solids) and protein content, which correlated with its superior nitrogen removal performance. The relative abundances of Candidatus Methylomirabilis and Candidatus Methanoperedens in the FePAC group were 45.49% and 6.40% higher, respectively, than those in the control group. This study provides insights into strategies for enhancing the synergistic enrichment of anammox and n-DAMO microorganisms.

     

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