Volume 19 Issue 3
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Cai-wen Shu, Jing-wen Wang, Zhen Yang, He-li Yu, Lian-jun Zhao, Zi-hao Ma, Sha-sha Han, Bao-sen Zhang, Guang-ming Tan. 2026: Formation, failure, and mitigation of landslide dams: A comprehensive review. Water Science and Engineering, 19(3): 431-444. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.06.004
Citation: Cai-wen Shu, Jing-wen Wang, Zhen Yang, He-li Yu, Lian-jun Zhao, Zi-hao Ma, Sha-sha Han, Bao-sen Zhang, Guang-ming Tan. 2026: Formation, failure, and mitigation of landslide dams: A comprehensive review. Water Science and Engineering, 19(3): 431-444. doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.06.004
shu

Formation, failure, and mitigation of landslide dams: A comprehensive review

doi: 10.1016/j.wse.2026.06.004

  • a. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;

  • b. Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 450003, China;

  • c. Research Center on Levee Safety Disaster Prevention, Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou 450003, China;

  • d. Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu 90014, Finland;

  • e. State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;

  • f. Taizhou Natural Resources and Planning Bureau, Taizhou 225300, China

Funds:

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2024YFC3015900), the Basic R&D Special Fund of Central Government for Non-Profit Research Institutes (Grant No. HKY-JBYW-2025-02), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52509096), and the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering (Grant No. SKHL2420).

  • Received Date: 2025-11-18
  • Accepted Date: 2026-05-28
    Abstract
  • Landslide dams constitute significant geological hazards, accompanied by challenges such as limited field data, urgent response requirements, and difficult mitigation conditions. This review systematically examines the topographic, hydrological, and geotechnical factors influencing dam formation and stability, highlighting the critical roles of material composition and internal structure in breach development. Existing methodologies for modeling dam-break scenarios, including statistical, parametric, simplified physically-based, and refined physically-based models, are critically evaluated, revealing persistent challenges such as parameter uncertainty, scale effects in physical experiments, and scarcity of field validation data. In addition, both engineering and non-engineering strategies for emergency response are reviewed. Key research gaps include an insufficient understanding of multi-phase interactions during dam failure, the potential for engineering interventions to alter failure modes (e.g., from overtopping to piping), the need for an improved dynamic risk assessment framework, and the integration of real-time data assimilation technologies. Finally, this review proposes future directions, including enhanced multi-source monitoring, machine learning-aided parameter inversion, uncertainty quantification and probabilistic forecasting, and improved dam-break models, to support effective decision-making in emergency scenarios.

     

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